Abstract: There is significant concern in water utilities regarding the permeation of petroleum-based hydrocarbons from contaminated sites through potable drinking-water pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Previous studies have ...

Abstract: Organic contaminants may permeate through plastic pipes in water distribution systems and adversely affect the quality of drinking water. In this study, we developed a microscopic visualization technique to investigate the ...

Abstract: Under part-load conditions, a Francis turbine often suffers from very severe low-frequency and large-amplitude pressure fluctuation, which is caused by the unsteady motion of vortices (known as ...