Abstract: Pipe jacking, microtunneling, and pipe ramming are common trenchless techniques for installing pipelines or cables below the bed of watercourses. A tunnel boring machine (TBM) is also used for constructing pipelines with ...

Abstract: Submerged hydraulic jumps commonly occur downstream of irrigation structures. Submerged hydraulic jumps dissipate energy to some extent, and bed water jets can be employed as a means to increase their energy dissipation. ...