Abstract: A numerical implementation of the surface stress boundary condition is presented for finite-difference models in which the terrain slope and curvature cannot necessarily be considered small. The method involves reducing ...

Abstract: The development of orographic wakes and vortices is revisited from the dynamical perspective of a three-dimensional (3D) vorticity-vector potential formulation. Particular emphasis is given to the role of upstream blocking ...

Abstract: The formation of lee wakes and vortices is explored in the context of stratified flow with uniform basic-state wind and stability past elongated free-slip ridges. The theory of inviscid flow past a ridge of small nondimensional ...

Abstract: The formation of orographic wakes and vortices is studied within the context of numerically simulated viscous flow with uniform basic-state wind and stability past elongated free-slip ridges. The viscosity and thermal ...