Abstract: A two-layer quasi-geostrophic flow forced by meridional variations in heating can be in regimes ranging from radiative equilibrium to forced geostrophic turbulence. Between these extremes is a regime where the time-mean ...

Abstract: The Climate Forecast System (CFS), the fully coupled ocean?land?atmosphere dynamical seasonal prediction system, which became operational at NCEP in August 2004, is described and evaluated in this paper. The CFS provides ...

Abstract: The NCEP and NCAR are cooperating in a project (denoted ?reanalysis?) to produce a 40-year record of global analyses of atmospheric fields in support of the needs of the research and climate monitoring communities. This ...