Abstract: An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. ...

Abstract: Spaceborne measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. The International System of Units (SI, ...

Abstract: Satellite measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. Credible observations require that measurement ...

Abstract: While the global upper-air observing network has provided useful observations for operational weather forecasting for decades, its measurements lack the accuracy and long-term continuity needed for understanding climate ...