Abstract: A theoretical study is undertaken of the relative influence of intermediate-level, near-surface, and tropopause-level perturbations upon flow development and cyclogenesis. The study is based upon two complementary ...

Abstract: The potential vorticity (PV) pattern in the vicinity of the jet stream takes the form of a narrow tube of enhanced PV gradient on the in situ isentropic surfaces. It is asserted that this distinctive structure can serve ...

Abstract: Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation experiments are conducted on a limited-area domain over the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Idealized surface ...

Abstract: In semiarid mountainous regions such as central Asia, runoff from snowmelt often represents the dominant contribution to river flow and freshwater supply during the dry season. The estimation of snow accumulation during ...