Abstract: Four methods for initialization of ensemble forecasts are systematically compared, namely the methods of singular vectors (SV) and bred modes (BM), as well as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the ensemble transform ...

Abstract: Midlatitude cyclogenesis is currently often explained as resulting from the baroclinic instability of a jet flow. The present formulation of the theory, essentially resulting from the deep revision performed by Farrell, ...