Abstract: An important step in understanding the climate system is simulating and studying the past climate variability, using oceanic models, atmospheric models, or both. Toward this goal, long-term wind stress data, as the forcing ...

Abstract: In this study, a breeding analysis was conducted for a hybrid coupled El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model that assimilated a historic dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) for the 120 yr between 1881 and 2000. ...

Abstract: In this study, El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) retrospective forecasts were performed for the 120 yr from 1881 to 2000 using three realistic models that assimilate the historic dataset of sea surface temperature (SST). ...

Abstract: El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) retrospective ensemble-based probabilistic predictions were performed for the period of 1856?2003 using the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, version 5 (LDEO5), model. To obtain more ...

Abstract: In this study, a method based on singular vector analysis is proposed to improve El Niño?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions. Its essential idea is that the initial errors are projected onto their optimal growth patterns, ...

Abstract: he huge computational expense has been a main challenge while applying the sigma-point unscented Kalman filter (SPUKF) to a high-dimensional system. This study focuses on this issue and presents two methods to construct a ...