Abstract: Solar zenith angle-dependent surface albedo is determined by equating top of the atmosphere (TOA) albedo evaluated from Nimbus-7 data with TOA albedo predicted by a two-layer, two-stream radiative transfer model of the ...

Abstract: Solar radiative fluxes for broken, cumuloform cloud fields are examined from the point of view of subgrid parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs). A simple stochastic scaling model is used to simulate extensive ...

Abstract: A statistical bidirectional method for including the effects of underlying reflecting surfaces in Monte Carlo simulations of atmospheric photon transport is presented. It is illustrated for the idealized Lambertian surface ...

Abstract: Conditions for icing on roads beneath bridges under overcast skies are investigated with a surface energy balance model. The model accounts for sensible and latent heat exchange between the road and atmosphere conduction ...