Abstract: We investigate the turbulent structure of shallow open channel flows where the flow depth is too small (compared with the roughness height) to form a logarithmic layer but large enough to develop an outer layer where the ...

Abstract: Standard measurement devices do not normally provide detailed information about flows in porous media because either they are too intrusive (e.g., hot/film wire anemometers) or because the solid phase impedes their physical ...

Abstract: The extent to which turbulent structure is affected by bed-load transport is investigated experimentally using a nonporous fixed planar bed comprising mixed-sized granular sediment with a