Abstract: Under certain tidal conditions, a saline underflow originating in the Pacific Ocean moves into Lake Ogawara, Japan. The underflow consists of a uniform saline bottom layer that is slightly warmer than the ambient and an ...

Abstract: A separate underflow model is coupled to the three-dimensional (3D) estuary and lake computer model. The underflow equations are solved on a two-dimensional (2D) grid underlying the 3D model grid. The underflow model ...

Abstract: A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamics and two-dimensional underflow model is adapted to provide simulation of plunging inflows in reservoirs. The new approach accounts for the effect of the barotropic term prior to the ...