Abstract: In light of two wheel–rail contact relations, i.e., displacement compatibility and force equilibrium, a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) model for vehicle–track interactions is presented in this paper. This model is ...

Abstract: In this work, a model for characterizing the ballasted track–vehicle interaction is presented. The vehicle is modeled as a multirigid-body system consisting of a car body, two bogie frames, and four wheelsets, and the track ...