Abstract: Predicting water film thickness (WFT) is essential due to its significant impact on road safety, as reduced skid resistance caused by hydroplaning is strongly associated with increased vehicle crash rates. Tining is a ...

Abstract: Wet pavement friction decreases due to the increase in water film thickness (WFT), leading to a significant increase in vehicle crash occurrences. The British Pendulum Test is one of the methods used to measure pavement ...