Abstract: This paper presents a reconstruction of a Pacific?North America (PNA) index from historical upper-level data for the period 1922?47. The data have been compiled from a number of sources and cover the Pacific?North American ...

Abstract: Upper-air observations with kites, aircraft, and radiosondes were performed in the United States operationally since the 1890s. In this paper, the authors present a reevaluation of newly digitized monthly mean values from ...

Abstract: Historical radiosonde data are known to suffer from inhomogeneities. The first radiosonde intercomparison was made at Payerne, Switzerland, in 1954, and a major international effort to standardize the network, including ...

Abstract: ct available.

Abstract: This work presents statistically reconstructed global monthly mean fields of temperature and geopotential height (GPH) up to 100 hPa for the period 1880?1957. For the statistical model several thousand predictors were used, ...

Abstract: trong tropical volcanic eruptions have significant effects on global and regional temperatures. Their effects on precipitation, however, are less well understood. Analyzing hydroclimatic anomalies after 14 strong eruptions ...

Abstract: AbstractAtmospheric circulation types, blockings, and cyclones are central features of the extratropical flow and key to understanding the climate system. This study intercompares the representation of these features in ...

Abstract: nnually resolved and absolutely dated tree-ring chronologies are the most important proxy archives to reconstruct climate variability over centuries to millennia. However, the suitability of tree-ring chronologies to reflect ...