Abstract: The exchange, or flux, of heat between the oceans and atmosphere is an important driver of the global oceanic and atmospheric circulations but remains poorly quantified. Direct measurement of heat flux remains a research ...

Abstract: Marine air temperature reports from ships can contain significant biases due to the solar heating of the instruments and their surroundings. However, there have been very few attempts to derive corrections. The biases can ...

Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that metadata can significantly improve the quality of scientific analyses and that the availability of metadata is particularly important for the study of climate variability. The International ...

Abstract: obal surface-temperature is a fundamental measure of climate change. We discuss bias estimation for sea-surface temperature and recommend the improvements to data, observational metadata, and uncertainty modeling needed ...