Abstract: Leith has suggested that climatic response to change in external forcing parameters of the climate system may be estimated via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). The method, which uses the natural fluctuations of ...

Abstract: A search for climatic change predicted by climate models can easily yield unconvincing results because of ?climatic noise,? the inherent, unpredictable variability of time-averaged atmospheric data. We describe a weighted ...

Abstract: The diurnal cycle in rainfall varies considerably from region to region in the tropics. Determining this variability is important both for comparing predictions of atmospheric models to real atmospheric behavior and for ...

Abstract: Radar or satellite observations of an area generate sequences of rain-rate maps. From a gridded map a histogram of rain rates can be obtained representing the relative areas occupied by rain rates of various strengths. The ...

Abstract: In this work we determine the relationships between satellite-based and radar-measured area-time integrals (ATI) for convective storms and show how both depend upon the climatological conditional mean rain rate Rc, and the ...

Abstract: A method of combining satellite estimates of rainfall into gridded monthly averages suitable for climatological studies is examined. Weighted averages of the satellite estimates are derived that minimize the mean squared ...

Abstract: The eddy variance of a meteorological field must tend to zero at high latitudes due solely to the nature of spherical polar coordinates. The zonal averaging operator defines a length scale: the circumference of the latitude ...

Abstract: Considerable progress has been made in recent years with using satellite data to generate maps of rain rate with grid resolutions of 1°?5° square. In parallel with these efforts, much work has been devoted to the problem ...

Abstract: Quantitative use of satellite-derived maps of monthly rainfall requires some measure of the accuracy of the satellite estimates. The rainfall estimate for a given map grid box is subject to both remote sensing error and, ...

Abstract: The uncertainty of rainfall estimated from averages of discrete samples collected by a satellite is assessed using a multiyear radar dataset covering a large portion of the United States. The sampling-related uncertainty ...