Abstract: The coastal areas in Japan suffered devastating damage due to the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Breakwaters collapsed mainly because of foundation failures during the earthquake and tsunami. Due to the ...

Abstract: The rubble mound (RM) breakwater, which is a prevalent coastal structure worldwide, often faces the significant challenge of tsunami-induced damage. Coastal regions which are characterized by high population density ...

Abstract: The widespread use of rubble-mound (RM) breakwaters along coasts across the world highlights the importance of understanding their behavior during natural disasters such as tsunamis. The failure of these breakwaters during ...