Abstract: In this technical note, the concept of constriction size in design is highlighted while elucidating some of the limitations of current professional guidelines that are only based on particle size ratios. The implications ...

Abstract: In effective filters, potentially erodible base particles are transported to the filter and retained to form a stable self-filtration layer. At any given time, the mass proportion of the filter and the base materials in ...

Abstract: The filter design criteria in practice are currently based on laboratory tests that were carried out on uniform base soil and filter materials. These criteria mostly involve specific particle size ratios, where the system ...