Abstract: A review of the cumulus parameterization problem is presented with an emphasis on its conceptual aspects covering the history of the underlying ideas, major problems existing at present, and possible directions and approaches ...

Abstract: Two vertically discrete systems, one based on the ?Charney-Phillips grid? and the other on the ?Lorenz grid,? are compared in view of the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation and baroclinic instability. It is ...

Abstract: Parameterization of cumulus convection requires a model that describes the statistical properties of a cumulus ensemble under given large-scale conditions. Such a model is called a cloud model for cumulus parameterization ...

Abstract: According to Part I of this paper, it seems that ignoring the contribution from descendent cloud air in a cloud model for cumulus parameterization (CMCP), such as the spectral cumulus ensemble model in the Arakawa?Schubert ...

Abstract: The constraint on the coupled vertical profiles of cumulus heating and drying, which can be used as a partial closure in cumulus parameterization, is examined using observational data from convectively active regions in ...

Abstract: We have investigated baroclinic instability with cumulus heating using a vertically discrete, linearized, quasi-geostrophic model on a ?-plane. Two formulations of cumulus heating were used. The first formulation (?-model) ...

Abstract: The Arakawa-Schubert (A-S) cumulus parameterization is evaluated by performing semiprognostic tests against data simulated by a cumulus ensemble model (CEM). The CEM is a two-dimensional cloud model for simulating the ...

Abstract: Parameterization of gravity waves due to subgrid-scale orography is now included in most existing large-scale models of the atmosphere. Parameterization schemes, however, have so far been evaluated mainly in view of the ...

Abstract: A combined updraft?downdraft model that includes the mass, rainwater, and vertical momentum budget equations for both updrafts and downdrafts is incorporated into the Arakawa?Schubert (A?S) cumulus parameterization. The ...

Abstract: generalized framework for cumulus parameterization applicable to any horizontal resolution between those typically used in general circulation and cloud-resolving models is presented. It is pointed out that the key parameter ...