Abstract: A complete accounting of model uncertainty in the optimal detection of climate signals requires normalization of the signals produced by climate models; however, there is not yet a well-defined rule for the normalization. ...

Abstract: The character of data required to measure decade-to-century?scale climatic change is distinctly different from that required for weather prediction or for studies of meteorological processes. The data ought to possess the ...

Abstract: Long-term trends in the climate system are always partly obscured by naturally occurring interannual variability. All else being equal, the larger the natural variability, the less precisely one can estimate a trend in a ...

Abstract: The authors investigate whether combining a data type derived from radio occultation (RO) with the infrared spectral data in an optimal detection method improves the quantification of longwave radiative forcing and feedback. ...

Abstract: Spaceborne measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. The International System of Units (SI, ...

Abstract: Satellite measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. Credible observations require that measurement ...

Abstract: Sampling retrievals of high-accuracy first-moment statistics constitute a central concern for climate research. Considered here is the important case of brightness temperature retrievals from a selection of possible orbits. ...

Abstract: he Best Aircraft Turbulence (BAT) probe is used by multiple research groups worldwide. To promote an accurate interpretation of the data obtained from the probe?s unusual nine-port design, a detailed understanding of the ...