Abstract: A complete accounting of model uncertainty in the optimal detection of climate signals requires normalization of the signals produced by climate models; however, there is not yet a well-defined rule for the normalization. ...

Abstract: The scientific merit of decadal climate projections can only be established by means of comparisons with observations. Testing of models that are used to predict climate change is of such importance that no single approach ...

Abstract: The character of data required to measure decade-to-century?scale climatic change is distinctly different from that required for weather prediction or for studies of meteorological processes. The data ought to possess the ...

Abstract: Long-term trends in the climate system are always partly obscured by naturally occurring interannual variability. All else being equal, the larger the natural variability, the less precisely one can estimate a trend in a ...

Abstract: An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. ...

Abstract: The authors investigate whether combining a data type derived from radio occultation (RO) with the infrared spectral data in an optimal detection method improves the quantification of longwave radiative forcing and feedback. ...

Abstract: Spaceborne measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. The International System of Units (SI, ...

Abstract: Satellite measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth?s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. Credible observations require that measurement ...

Abstract: Sampling retrievals of high-accuracy first-moment statistics constitute a central concern for climate research. Considered here is the important case of brightness temperature retrievals from a selection of possible orbits. ...

Abstract: AbstractAirborne turbulence measurement gives a spatial distribution of air?surface fluxes that networks of fixed surface sites typically cannot capture. Much work has improved the accuracy of such measurements and the ...