Abstract: A rational method for estimating soil suction variations within the so-called moisture active zone or vadose zone is required. Within the unsaturated zone, a soil suction envelope is defined by the maximum and minimum ...

Abstract: Tens of thousands of aging, bridge-class, RC box culverts are in service in the United States. Within the context of establishing load rating for in-service RC box culverts, this paper introduces, calibrates, and applies ...