Abstract: norm minimization adjustment is a technique to detect outlier observations in geodetic networks. The usual method for implementation of

Abstract: The zero error of electromagnetic distance measuring instruments is a near-constant systematic error, which has the same effect on the measured distances. This paper presents a least-squares formula for this correction ...

Abstract: The equivalency of observations in geodetic networks is one of the most important problems in surveying engineering, which has not been seriously considered before. This means that different types of observations should, ...