Abstract: The geodetic frame is defined from the practitioner's point of view, i.e., the deflection of the vertical and the geoid undulation must be available for the reduction of observations. The three‐dimensional, the two‐dimensional ...

Abstract: The global positioning system (GPS) will have a major impact in the way we measure. It is argued that GPS will increase the public awareness for spatial referencing and that this, in addition to GPS/s technical revolution ...

Abstract: Double differencing of the carrier phases is a popular technique in global positioning system (GPS) surveying for eliminating receiver and satellite clock errors. However, because each global navigation satellite system ...

Abstract: The Global Positioning System provides relative positions to 1–2 ppm with anrobservation time of 2–3 hr. The quality does not depend on weather; there is no intervisibility between stations required. The inner and minimal ...

Abstract: The Orange County GPS survey comprises more than 7,000 vectors linking more than 2,000 stations. The observations were made by private firms and the County of Orange Survey Division staff. Several functions are identified ...

Abstract: Using phase observations of the Global Positioning System (GPS) we are able to determine relative geometric three‐dimensional coordinates in the 0.1–1 ppm level. Most surveying needs, however, require orthometric heights, ...