Vertical Penetration of Inclined Heated Water Jets Discharged Downward

Abstract

In most experimental studies concerning negatively buoyant water jets the buoyancy was produced by density differences due to salt while the temperature of the jet and the ambient fluid was identical. Another method to produce a negatively buoyant water jet is to use different temperatures between the jet and the ambient fluid. However, there are essential differences between thermal and saltwater buoyant jets. In this technical note a modified version of the integral Fan–Brooks model has been used to calculate the vertical penetration of inclined heated water jets discharged downward. The classical initial densimetric Froude number is replaced by an initial effective Froude number based on the thermal expansion coefficient of water. Using the above model, a new equation is derived that predicts the vertical penetration of the thermal jet at a given effective Froude number and discharge angle. This formula reduces to Turner's equation for vertical jets if the densimetric Froude number is substituted by the effective Froude number.