Inhibition of Nickel Precipitation by Gluconate. I: Kinetic Studies and Spectroscopic Analyses

Abstract

The role of gluconate on nickel precipitation kinetics was evaluated through particle size distribution analyses, and the inhibition mechanisms were explored through spectroscopic studies. Batch kinetic studies showed that nickel precipitation does not achieve equilibrium within the time frame of typical process units. The molar ratio of gluconate to nickel had a profound effect on precipitation kinetics. A complete inhibition of nickel precipitation was observed when the molar concentration of gluconate was high, and a time-dependent resolubilization was observed at lower ratios. Particle size distribution indicated that nickel precipitates were colloidal in nature. Nucleation rates were promoted by the presence of gluconate; however, the removal efficiency decreased due to complexation reactions. Spectroscopic analysis of the solids suggested the presence of a mixture of two solids, a nickel-gluconate complex and a nickel hydroxide. The kinetics of the formation of the precipitates suggests that design of treatment units for the recovery of nickel in the metal finishing industry should be proceeded with advanced oxidation that would oxidize the organic impurities, before nickel recovery is accomplished.