Residual Stress Measurement and Fatigue Crack Growth Prediction after Cold Expansion of Cracked Fastener Holes

Abstract

The cold expansion technique is often used to introduce beneficial compressive stress at fastener holes, and can be used for remedial work where cracks already exist. In this paper, results are presented showing the effect of preexisting cracks on the residual stress field produced by cold expanding a fastener hole, and on subsequent fatigue crack growth. The effect on the residual stresses was experimentally evaluated in two ways: indirectly, in terms of retained expansion and directly, by measurement of the stresses using the X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. The retained expansion ratio showed that cold expansion is more sensitive to the existence of precracks at lower levels of applied interference, and the inlet and outlet faces have different behavior. The stress measurements showed that preexisting cracks reduce the compressive residual stresses more on the mandrel inlet face than on the outlet face and in the middle of the specimen. The effect on fatigue crack growth rates was modeled using a linear-elastic fracture mechanics approach. It was found that cold expansion of a hole containing a preexisting crack longer than 1 mm introduces little benefit for subsequent fatigue crack growth behavior.