Marine Outfall Performance. I: Introduction and Flow Restoration

Abstract

Sewage outfalls are common inclusions in the infrastructure of coastal cities and towns. Near-ocean industries may also make use of such pipes. Keeping such a conduit operating properly is by no means a trivial matter, and this paper is the first of two dealing with this complex topic. Herein, the various failure and impairment mechanisms are summarized, and the need for careful underwater inspection is stressed. Examples are given of inspection, maintenance, and repair operations for various municipal facilities. The paper closes with presentation of two improvement procedures, pigging and sliplining.