| description abstract | Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) plays a significant role in the deformation of flapping insect wings. However, many current FSI models are high-order and rely on direct computational methods, thereby limiting parametric studies as well as insights into the physics governing wing dynamics. We develop a novel flapping wing FSI framework that accommodates general wing geometry and fluid loading. We use this framework to study the unilaterally coupled FSI of an idealized hawkmoth forewing considering two fluid models: Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics (RANS CFD) and blade element theory (BET). We first compare aerodynamic modal forces estimated by the low-order BET model to those calculated via high fidelity RANS CFD. We find that for realistic flapping kinematics, BET estimates modal forces five orders of magnitude faster than CFD within reasonable accuracy. Over the range flapping kinematics considered, BET and CFD estimated modal forces vary maximally by 350% in magnitude and approximately π/2 radians in phase. The large reduction in computational time offered by BET facilitates high-dimensional parametric design of flapping-wing-based technologies. Next, we compare the contributions of aerodynamic and inertial forces to wing deformation. Under the unilateral coupling assumption, aerodynamic and inertial-elastic forces are on the same order of magnitude—however, inertial-elastic forces primarily excite the wing’s bending mode whereas aerodynamic forces primarily excite the wing’s torsional mode. This suggests that, via conscientious sensor placement and orientation, biological wings may be able to sense independently inertial and aerodynamic forces. | |
