Journal of Applied Meteorology: Recent submissions
Now showing items 3901-3920 of 6019
-
Physical Basis for the Temperature-Based Melt-Index Method
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The close relationship between air temperature measured at standard screen level and the rate of melt on snow and ice has been widely used to estimate the rate of melt. The parameterization of the melt rate using air ... -
Ground Reflections and Green Thunderstorms
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)It has been suggested that green light often observed in association with severe thunderstorms is caused by sunlight being reflected onto the cloud by green vegetation. Colorimetric observations were recorded of green-colored ... -
Summertime Marine Refractivity Conditions along Coastal California
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Large vertical gradients of temperature and moisture, which are not uncommon at the top of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), yield strong gradients in microwave refractivity that can result in anomalous ... -
Radial Velocity and Wind Measurement with NIMA–NWCA: Comparisons with Human Estimation and Aircraft Measurements
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Improved Moments Algorithm (NIMA) calculates the first and second moments (radial velocity and spectral width) of wind-profiler Doppler spectra and provides an evaluation ... -
Errors in the Estimate of the Fractal Correlation Dimension of Raindrop Spatial Distribution
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Theories on drop formation and quantitative rain estimation would require knowledge not only of the statistical size distribution of drops, but also of their statistical spatial distribution, which, in turn, determines the ... -
Topographic Effects on Statistical Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall and Mapping in the French Alps
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)This paper uses detailed topographic characterization of relief for mapping statistical parameters of heavy rainfall in the French Alps. After determination of statistical parameters of heavy rainfall for time steps ranging ... -
A Dozen Years of Temperature Observations at the Summit: Central Greenland Automatic Weather Stations 1987–99
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)On 4 May 1987, the first automatic weather station (AWS) near the summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet began transmitting data. Air temperature records from this site, AWS Cathy, as well as nearby AWS at the Greenland Ice ... -
Latitudinally and Seasonally Dependent Zenith-Angle Corrections for Geostationary Satellite IR Brightness Temperatures
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The equivalent brightness temperature Tb recorded by geosynchronous infrared (geo-IR) ?window? channel (10.7?11.5 ?m) satellite sensors is shown to depend on the zenith angle (local angle from the zenith to the satellite ... -
On the Land Surface–Atmosphere Coupling and Its Impact in a Single-Column Atmospheric Model
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Three versions of the single-column European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts?Hamburg (ECHAM4) climate model are compared that differ either in the technique of the numerical coupling between land surface and ... -
An Explicit Algorithm for Calculating Surface-Layer Parameters in Convective Conditions Derived from a Turbulence Closure Model
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Equations relating surface-layer parameters (or, surface fluxes) to differences of wind speed, temperature, and humidity between two levels can be obtained either via integrating empirical flux?gradient relationships or ... -
Numerical Modeling of the Propagation Environment in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Persian Gulf
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Strong vertical gradients at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves and can produce radar ducts. A three-dimensional, time-dependent, nonhydrostatic numerical model was ... -
Dependence of Turbulent and Mesoscale Velocity Variances on Scale and Stability
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The scale dependence of velocity variances is studied using data collected from a grassland site, a heather site, and four forested sites. The dependence of velocity variances on averaging time, used to define the fluctuation ... -
Calculation of Surface Fluxes under Convective Conditions by Turbulence Closure Models
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)A method of deriving new relationships between near-surface turbulent fluxes and vertical differences of wind speed and potential temperature between two levels in the atmospheric surface layer from simplified second-order ... -
Statistical Methods of Estimating Average Rainfall over Large Space–Timescales Using Data from the TRMM Precipitation Radar
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar represent the first global rain-rate dataset acquired by a spaceborne weather radar. Because the radar operates at an attenuating wavelength, one ... -
Sensitivity of 5-cm Wavelength Polarimetric Radar Variables to Raindrop Axial Ratio and Drop Size Distribution
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The sensitivity of polarimetric variables at a 5-cm wavelength to raindrop size and axial ratio is examined using T-matrix modeling of the scattering process for gamma raindrop size distributions fitted to tropical rainfall ... -
Mathematical Aspects in Meteorological Processing of Infrared Spectral Measurements from the GOES Sounder. Part I: Constructing the Measurement Estimate Using Spatial Smoothing
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)The accuracy of temperature and moisture vertical profiles retrieved from infrared spectral measurements is dependent on accurate definition of all contributions from the observed ?surface?atmosphere? system to the outgoing ... -
Physical Simulation of Maximum Seasonal Soil Freezing Depth in the United States Using Routine Weather Observations
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)An existing, physically based soil freezing model applicable to humid climates is modified for use in the central and western United States. Simulations using the state-of-the-art Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model ... -
Comparison of ECMWF Winter-Season Cloud Fraction with Radar-Derived Values
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)Of great importance for the simulation of climate using general circulation models is their ability to represent accurately the vertical distribution of fractional cloud amount. In this paper, a technique to derive cloud ... -
A More Extensive Investigation of the Use of Ensemble Forecasts for Dispersion Model Evaluation
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)An ensemble forecast is used as input to a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to study the effect that analysis errors in the numerical weather prediction assimilation cycle have on dispersion modeling. The wind and ... -
On the Use of Radar Depolarization Ratios for Estimating Shapes of Ice Hydrometeors in Winter Clouds
(American Meteorological Society, 2001)An approach is suggested to relate measurements of radar depolarization ratios and aspect ratios of predominant hydrometeors in nonprecipitating and weakly precipitating layers of winter clouds. The trends of elevation ...