Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Recent submissions
Now showing items 901-920 of 5084
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Characteristics of the Vertical Profiles of Dual-Frequency, Dual-Polarization Radar Data in Stratiform Rain
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Airborne dual-wavelength and dual-polarization radar data are analyzed for measurements taken in stratiform rain in the western Pacific during September 1990. The focus of the paper is on the vertical profiles of the linear ... -
An Evaluation of Problems Affecting the Measurement of Low Relative Humidity on the United States Radiosonde
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)This paper explores the low-humidity problem that has plagued the radiosonde hygristor for nearly 30 years and that makes the hygristor appear to become insensitive at relative humidities (RH) below about 20% RH. The problem ... -
The Excess Temperature of a Rigid Fast-Response Thermometer and Its Effects on Measured Heat Flux
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)In outdoor experiments a temperature sensor is always subjected to a radiation load that results in a temperature excess error. Not only the mean temperature is effected by this radiation load but also, for a fast-responding ... -
A Photoelectric Detector Suspended under a Balloon for Actinic Flux Measurements
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)An instrument to measure ultraviolet actinic flux in and outside clouds was constructed and calibrated. Characteristics of the instrument axe: 1) it is equipped with gallium phosphide photodiodes, 2) its isotropic directional ... -
How Long Is Long Enough When Measuring Fluxes and Other Turbulence Statistics?
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)It is determined how long a time series must be to estimate covariances and moments up to fourth order with a specified statistical significance. For a given averaging time T there is a systematic difference between the ... -
Evaluation of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe. Part I: Electronic and Optical Studies
(American Meteorological Society, 1984)Laboratory studies of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), were conducted to better understand the operation, to determine limitations and to define the measurement accuracy of the instrument for airborne cloud ... -
A New Analysis to Diagnose Ageostrophic Winds from Wind and Temperature Measurements Made by an Observational Network
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)The present paper is devoted to a new analysis of winds and temperature measurements made by an observational network in order to provide the 3D ageostrophic circulations. This analysis may be used with data from instrumented ... -
Use of Multiple Gauges and Microwave Attenuation of Precipitation for Satellite Verification
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)In this paper both a microwave attenuation measurement along a horizontal line and multiple point gauge measurements are analyzed as possible ground-truth designs to validate satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms ... -
The Response of the SSM/I to the Marine Environment. Part II: A Parameterization of the Effect of the Sea Surface Slope Distribution on Emission and Reflection
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Based on a geometric optics model and the assumption of an isotropic Gaussian surface slope distribution, the component of ocean surface microwave emissivity variation due to large-scale surface roughness is parameterized ... -
Modeling of Downward Surface Longwave Flux Density for Global Change Applications and Comparison with Pyrgeometer Measurements
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)The success of satellite monitoring of global climate change depends on the ability to validate satellite inference methods against accurate ?ground truth.? Under a recent World Meteorological Organization?World Climate ... -
Quality Control of Ground-Based Radiometric Observations of Integrated Moisture Using Surface Meteorological Observations
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)A method of quality control is presented for ground-based, dual-channel microwave measurements of integrated moisture. Such a method is necessary to eliminate spurious data arising from calibration uncertainties, electronic ... -
Second-Order Doppler Shift of RASS Echoes
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)High-resolution measurements of the frequency shift of radio acoustic sounding system echoes show small (≤10?3) systematic deviations from values that are expected according to basic theory. It is shown that these deviations ... -
A Robust Estimator of Rainfall Rate Using Differential Reflectivity
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Conventional estimator of rainfall rate using reflectivity factor and differential reflectivity ZDR becomes unstable when the measured values of ZDR are small due to measurement errors. An alternate estimator of rainfall ... -
Adjoint-Method Retrievals of Low-Altitude Wind Fields from Single-Doppler Wind Data
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)The simple adjoint method of Qiu and Xu is extended and used to retrieve the low-altitude horizontal wind field from single-Doppler radial wind data measured during the Phoenix II field experiment. Since the extended method ... -
Mapping of Airborne Doppler Radar Data
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Two sets of equations are derived to 1) map airborne Doppler radar data from an aircraft-relative coordinate system to an earth-relative coordinate system, and 2) remove the platform motion from the observed Doppler ... -
Radiosonde Pressure Sensor Performance: Evaluation Using Tracking Radars
(American Meteorological Society, 1984)The pressure sensors on balloon-borne sondes relate the sonde measurements to height above the earth's surface through the hypsometric equation. It is crucial that sondes used to explore the vertical structure of the ... -
An Acoustic Telemetry System Implemented for Real-Time Monitoring of the Gulf Stream with Inverted Echo Sounders
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)From August 1989 until August 1990, a simple acoustic telemetry system was used for obtaining real-time data from four inverted echo sounders (IESs) deployed in the Synoptic Ocean Prediction Experiment (SYNOP) inlet array ... -
Inference of Subsurface Thermohaline Structure from Fields Measurable by Satellite
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Satellites now provide global measurements of the ocean's surface height and temperature. Ocean climatologies for the northwest Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans that relate sea surface height, sea surface temperature, ... -
The Resolution Capability of an Irregularly Sampled Dataset: With Application to Geosat Altimeter Data
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)A formalism is presented for determining the wavenumber-frequency transfer function associated with an irregularly sampled multidimensional dataset. This transfer function reveals the filtering characteristics and aliasing ... -
An Evaluation of Free- and Fixed-Vane Flowmeters with Curved- and Flat-Bladed Savonius Rotors
(American Meteorological Society, 1994)Speed and direction performances of flowmeters, designed by the authors for in-house use, employing an Aanderaa-type curved-bladed Savonius rotor and a free vane and an Aanderaa-type flat-bladed Savonius rotor and a fixed ...