http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4283790 2026-08-23T23:49:56Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4315883 A Hierarchical Business Model for Translating Digital Twins: A Case Study for Health Care Applications From Research to Market Nisar, Syed Anas; Arulkumar, Rohan; Jones, Brian; Banerjee, Debjyoti Abstract. Digital twins (DTs) are rapidly emerging as a transformative technology in health care, offering real-time, data-driven simulations of organs, patients, and hospital systems. These virtual models enhance the accuracy of predictive diagnostics, the effectiveness of personalized therapies, and operational efficiencies; thus, making them a strategic asset for both clinical care and business considerations. While these technologies originated in aerospace and manufacturing, health care applications of DT are accelerating significantly, primarily driven by advances in artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and wearable sensors (e.g., IoT: Internet of Things). The global market for DT in health care applications is projected to grow from $2.7 billion in 2024 to nearly $60 billion by 2030, signaling a shift in how health care is delivered, funded, and optimized. This study is focused on developing a structured four-stage framework for translating DT innovation into scalable clinical solutions, from early-stage research and pilot programs to commercialization and full-scale hospital integration. The authors compared platforms established by enterprises with those developed by startups. By exploring a case study of a DT for cardiovascular applications, the role of targeted value propositions, regulatory alignment, and staged funding strategies is illustrated. Key enablers such as “software as a medical device pathway,” AI, and interoperability standards (e.g., for IoT) are discussed alongside business model design and stakeholder alignment. The results of this case study can provide a practical roadmap for entrepreneurs, investors, and corporate leaders in the health care sector. This case study can provide a pathway for professionals aiming to capitalize on the convergence of digital health, personalized medicine, and value-based care. These topics related to DT are to fostering innovative organizational strategies and essential for addressing business imperatives that are redefining competitive advantages. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4315882 Review of Evolution and Advances in Photolithography and Nanopatterning Using Free-Electron Lasers Kumar, Amitesh; Banerjee, Debjyoti Abstract. High-volume manufacturing (HVM) for advanced photolithography is mainly dominated by ASML's scanner technology (Nakamura et al., 2023, “High-Power EUV Free-Electron Laser for Future Lithography,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 62(11), p. 116002). However, the laser-produced plasma (LPP) source used to generate extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light in these ASML tools has significant limitations, including contamination with tin debris, high wall-plug power use, limited control over polarization, and stochastic dose variability (Nakamura et al., 2023, “High-Power EUV Free-Electron Laser for Future Lithography,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 62(11), p. 116002). The main variability, characterized by line-edge roughness, line-width roughness, and patterning defects, arises because the increased energy of the EUV light results in a reduced number of absorbed photons in the photoresist. Due to these limitations, researchers in the semiconductor industry are exploring free-electron lasers (FELs), a promising alternative. FELs produce light by first accelerating electrons through methods such as energy-recovering linacs, compact wakefield accelerators, or storage rings, all of which aim to increase power, tunability, and efficiency. Subsequently, these particles are deployed as radiation sources with varying wavelengths, such as EUV or research-stage water-window X-rays, which can be optically routed to a lithographic exposure tool (Berman et al., 2025, “Ultra-High-Gain Water-Window X-ray Laser Driven by Plasma Photocathode Wakefield Acceleration,” arXiv preprint, arXiv:2507.06403.). The tunability and efficiency achievable through FELs can provide significant advantages in lithography, particularly for fabs manufacturing smaller chip feature sizes with advanced device topologies. While current research on FEL hardware and operation information is limited, early-stage companies have gained traction and attracted significant investment for architectures targeting HVM-class power and uptime metrics, where most data are gathered with simulations and forward-looking claims rather than validated demonstrations. In this review, the evaluation of FEL technologies is performed by comparing their performance metrics with those of the LPP systems, for the purpose of identifying the benefits as well as unresolved challenges in using FEL radiation for photolithography in HVM applications. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4315881 Experimental Characterization of a Revolved Compound Parabolic Concentrator for Enhanced Optical Capture in Solar Thermal Receivers Lynch, Benjamin; Metghalchi, Hameed; Levendis, Yiannis; Kowalski, Gregory Abstract. This article presents the outdoor experimental characterization of a revolved compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) as a passive secondary optical element for compact central receiver concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. The development of supercritical CO2(sCO2) Brayton power cycles, which target thermal efficiencies approaching 50% but require receiver outlet temperatures exceeding 700∘C, place enhanced demands on optical concentration at newer, more compact receiver apertures. A prototype CPC with a 31.5 deg acceptance half-angle was fabricated from electropolished 6061-T6 aluminum and integrated with multi-element BPW34 photodiode arrays coupled to custom transimpedance amplifier circuitry. Two-stage outdoor characterization was performed: (1) surface reflectivity measurement using a collimated laser source, yielding a surface reflectivity of ρ=0.716±0.022 across 24 sampled locations of the reflective surface, and (2) angular concentration mapping via a motorized rotation stage sweeping 0–90 deg under direct solar illumination. The measured integrated energy gain was Gmeas=1.186×, with a reflectivity-corrected geometric concentration of Ggeo=1.647× against a theoretical maximum of Cideal,2D=1.93×. Peak local gain of 2.16× was observed near the design acceptance angle. Spatial analysis revealed systematic beam migration consistent with ray-transfer geometry. Sweep repeatability was confirmed at coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.20% (N = 5) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) p = 0.9997. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://yetl.yabesh.ir/yetl1/handle/yetl/4315880 Integrating Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Students Through a Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Project to Achieve ABET Student Outcomes Elharati, Hussien; Hlal, Mohamad; Altaher, Ahmed; Zaidi, Abdulhamid; Beg, Omar Abstract. This article presents a multidisciplinary capstone design framework that integrates electrical engineering (EE) and mechanical engineering (ME) students at the Civil Aviation & Meteorology College, Libya (CAMC), through the collaborative development, integration, and validation of capstone design projects. The capstone experience is designed to emulate professional engineering practice by organizing students into coordinated subteams responsible for mechanical design and fabrication, electronics, control and data acquisition, and software development. This structure enables students to investigate, integrate, and apply knowledge across multiple technological domains while addressing realistic engineering constraints. The article provides a detailed description of the system architecture, subsystem designs, integration methodology, and experimental testing results. Faculty mentoring and industry partners’ informed practices are incorporated to strengthen the alignment between academic learning and professional engineering expectations. Student assessment strategies are explicitly mapped to student outcomes (SO1–SO7) and include project deliverables, faculty evaluations, and peer-to-peer ratings to measure both individual contributions and multidisciplinary teamwork. Assessment results from projects involving 12 EE and ME students divided into three groups indicate that interdisciplinary capstone experiences significantly enhance student competencies in system-level design, technical communication, and professional readiness, while effectively satisfying Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) accreditation requirements. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z