Abstract: The Colebrook equation gives the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for fluid flow in pipes as a function of sand-grain roughness and the Reynolds number. Values of equivalent sand-grain roughness (k) have been obtained for ...

Abstract: Many skeletonization methods are available to simplify the configuration of urban water distribution systems (WDS) to enable hydraulic modeling and analysis. However, these approaches are generally based on steady-state ...