Abstract: In this paper, a conception of load-induced stiffness matrix is developed, and a beam element for using the finite-element method, which takes into consideration the stiffening effect of dead loads, is proposed. The element ...

Abstract: Segment design and composition is a vital procedure for controlling the deviations between segment rings and a designed tunnel axis (DTA) to guarantee tunnel quality in the design stage. The novel design technology known ...

Abstract: AbstractUnderstanding the damage evolution and strength degradation of limestone under external disturbances is critical for ensuring the stability of underground engineering structures. This study presents a comprehensive ...