Abstract: Compass (Bowditch's) rule and Crandall's method (the “least squares” solution, in many coordinate geometry programs) are commonly used to adjust traverses for construction and land survey applications. The assumptions made ...

Abstract: A procedure is discussed that combines the best aspects of the usual “rigid body” (three parameter affine) and the similarity (Helmert) least-squares procedures found in most civil engineering enhancements to popular ...