Abstract: Abstract. Law enforcement agencies have been using nonlethal kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) for a long time as a means of riot control or to incapacitate an individual. Though KIPs are designed to avoid causing serious ...

Abstract: Abstract. Kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) are widely utilized in law enforcement as a nonlethal means for crowd control, yet they remain capable of causing severe or fatal injuries. This study utilizes the total human ...