Abstract: In recent years, agencies across the United States have embraced the implementation of the flashing yellow arrow (FYA) for permissive left turns. Previous research determined that the FYA indication communicated the presence ...

Abstract: Unlike traditional Type I dilemma zones, where inappropriate signal timings or detector placements restrict the ability of motorists to safely proceed through the intersection or safely stop in advance, Type II dilemma ...

Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the safety and effectiveness of selected protected/permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal displays through driver comprehension evaluations. Driver evaluations were conducted ...