Abstract: To enhance the strength and constructability of rectangular (or trapezoidal) tubular compression members, reinforced or unreinforced concrete may be filled in the tube. Longitudinal stiffeners are often attached to increase ...

Abstract: Horizontally curved I-girders are subjected to combined vertical bending and torsion under gravity loads alone. The torsional behavior of open I-shaped girders is commonly and conveniently transformed to self-equilibrating ...