Abstract: Abstract Existing practice for the design of ordinary bridges is based on a hazard level of 5% in 50 years, corresponding to a return period of approximately 975 years. Extending this approach to the design of temporary ...

Abstract: Fiber-based elements are commonly used to simulate steel beam–columns because of their ability to capture P-M interactions and spread of plasticity. However, when mechanisms such as local buckling result in effective ...

Abstract: A nonlocal formulation framework is presented to address mesh-dependent strain localization in displacement-based frame element models in the presence of constitutive softening. The framework consists of a nonlocal ...