Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to look into several common idempotent matrices of interest in the context of any mixed model least-squares adjustment. The cofactor (scaled covariance) matrices, based on the law of error ...

Abstract: The successful processing of baseline vectors is an essential step toward the application of GPS surveying techniques to leveling. When carrier phase observables are used, the double-difference integer phase ambiguity ...

Abstract: Ambiguity function methods are based on the magnitude of the sum of unit vectors (phasors) defined by differences between observed and calculated global positioning system (GPS) phase data, thereby eliminating integer ...

Abstract: National satellite control points, or any fixed points determined relative to a known control point, can serve as monitoring stations when equipped with dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receivers. The available ...