Abstract: In areas that are subject to tidal waters, projects such as bridge construction and property boundary location require the determination of the water level or water datum. Of the different water data that can be established, ...

Abstract: Many surveyors use the network of global positioning system (GPS) Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) as accurate “free” control monuments in their projects. The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) publishes and ...

Abstract: The trip making process using transit versus private automobile differs in the use of time schedules, walking paths, transfer stops, plus issues such as fare and safety. Due to these factors, many of the standard shortest ...