Abstract: Although masonry is one of the oldest construction materials, its behavior has not been investigated as extensively as other construction materials. Out-of-plane failures are common in unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings ...

Abstract: Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings perform poorly under seismic forces and have been identified as the main cause of loss of life in recent earthquakes. Many of these structures fail in out-of-plane bending due to the ...