Abstract: The trapezoidal rule and Simpson's 1/3 rule are the most common methods for computation of the area of irregular boundary. The trapezoidal rule assumes that the irregular boundary is composed of segments of straight lines ...

Abstract: Resection, the three‐point problem, involves fixation of a new point when directions to three known points are observed from an unknown point. This paper presents an analytical solution to the problem which permits direct ...

Abstract: Five optical theodolites of different designs and least counts are compared for accuracy in reading horizontal angles. A subtense bar of an accurately known length and a Wild T3 precision theodolite are used for this ...