Abstract: Gravity waves with wave periods of 13 to 15 min and horizontal phase velocities of 90 to 220 m s?1 were present in ground-based observations of the upper atmosphere during time periods when tornadoes were occurring and ...

Abstract: A three-dimensional, nine-element, high-frequency cw Doppler sounder array has been used to detect ionospheric disturbances during periods of severe weather, particularly during periods with severe thunderstorms and ...

Abstract: Penetrative convection, thunderstorms, squall lines, etc., all generate atmospheric gravity waves which can be observed by a ground-based ionospheric Doppler sounder array. Sources of these waves can be determined from ...

Abstract: Enhanced convection-initiated gravity waves associated with an isolated tornado in the absence of a squall line are investigated. Ray-tracing computations based on data observed on 29 May 1977 indicated that the wave sources ...