Abstract: Unbalanced pricing in unit price contracts aims at gaining additional benefits for the contractor who utilizes this strategy at the expense of the owner, or obtaining a competitive advantage over other competing bidders ...

Abstract: Contractors bidding on unit price contracts frequently utilize unbalanced bidding, particularly for public construction projects. Contractors’ use of unbalanced bids takes various forms and occurs at differing degrees to ...

Abstract: A new design model is presented to derive expressions for the elastic effective length factors for columns in unbraced multistory frames. This model takes into account the effects of boundary conditions at the far ends of ...

Abstract: The use of water main break history as a proxy for condition has become common practice because of the high costs associated with direct assessments. Statistical deterioration models predict future water main breaks on the ...

Abstract: Unbalanced bidding is a common practice associated with both unit price and lump sum contracts. This practice is not usually in the owner’s best interests and is used in different forms by contractors for various reasons. ...