Abstract: Direct injection gasoline engines have both better engine power and fuel efficiency than port injection gasoline engines. However, direct injection gasoline engines also emit more particulate matter (PM) than port injection ...

Abstract: Late fuel during closing of the valve of a fuel injector and fuel films stuck on the wall around the nozzle outlets are sources of particulate matters (PM). In this study, we focused on the effects of the valve motions on ...

Abstract: Lower engine emissions like CO2, particulate matter (PM), and NOx have recently become more necessary in automobile engines to protect the earth's environment. Keeping uniformity of air/fuel mixture and decreasing fuel ...