Abstract: For many wood species, the grading of timbers [>76 mm (>4-in.) thick] has not changed in decades. Most timbers are still visually graded by methods that originated in the 1930s. Mechanical grading procedures used to ...

Abstract: Confusion in the literature about the definition and calculation of repetitive member factors is identified. This confusion casts some doubt on the validity of the 1.15 repetitive member factor permitted in ASTM standards ...