Abstract: Abstract When subjected to extreme wave loading, vertical breakwaters are prone to shear failure in their foundations, while the caisson body may experience sliding or overturning. Despite extensive research on breakwater ...

Abstract: Abstract The immersed tunnels of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge and the Shenzhen–Zhongshan Channel have lengths up to 6–7 km along the longitudinal direction and cross several soil regions. The traveling wave effect is ...