Abstract: For the dynamic normal-mode initialization (DNMI) procedure used in the initialization of the limited-area models, it is shown that it does not succeed in initializing higher vertical modes. An improved initialization ...

Abstract: The expected value for various measures of skill for seasonal climate predictions is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio. The expected value, however, is only realized for long verification time series. In practice, ...

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the emphasis on routine seasonal climate predictions and their potential for enhancing societal benefits and mitigating losses related to climate extremes. It is also ...

Abstract: In a laboratory study, iron oxide-coated sand showed promise as a medium for use in small systems or home-treatment units in developing areas of the world, for removing arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from ground water. A ...

Abstract: Based on simulations from nine different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), a comparative assessment of the influence of ENSO SST variability on the first and second moment of the probability density function ...