Abstract: The design of surveying networks inside tunnels is of crucial importance because an optimal design enables the network to fulfill its required quality parameters, for instance, precision and reliability. The precision of ...

Abstract: Infiltration trench is one of the best stormwater management practices to control excessive runoff volume in urban areas. Most of the methods or models employed for designing an infiltration trench are either very simplified ...

Abstract: When using the free station method, a total station (TS) is established by performing distance and angle observations toward a number of control points (CPs). The quality of the establishment is crucial for the quality of ...